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Related Concept Videos

What is Homeostasis?01:16

What is Homeostasis?

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Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F).
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pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
4.1K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method
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Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

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B cell homeostasis is maintained during long-duration spaceflight.

Guillaume Spielmann1, Nadia Agha2, Hawley Kunz2,3

  • 1School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Long-duration spaceflight maintained B cell homeostasis, with elevated Immunoglobulin A (IgA) observed. This suggests in-flight vaccination could be a viable countermeasure for astronaut health during extended missions.

Keywords:
B cell homeostasisfree light chainsimmunoglobulinslong-duration spaceflight

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Exploring the Effects of Spaceflight on Mouse Physiology using the Open Access NASA GeneLab Platform
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Area of Science:

  • Spaceflight immunology
  • Humoral immunity
  • B cell biology

Background:

  • Long-duration spaceflights can cause immune dysregulation, posing risks to astronaut safety.
  • Previous research has focused on adaptive and innate immunity, neglecting comprehensive humoral immunity and B cell function.
  • Understanding B cell responses is crucial for astronaut health during extended missions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize changes in B cell numbers, phenotypes, plasma immunoglobulins (Igs), and polyclonal free light chains (FLCs) during a 6-month International Space Station (ISS) mission.
  • To assess B cell function and Ig synthesis markers in response to spaceflight.
  • To evaluate the stability of humoral immunity during long-duration spaceflight.

Main Methods:

  • Collected whole-blood samples from 23 ISS crew members pre-flight, during flight (early, mid, late), immediately post-flight, and during recovery.
  • Measured B cell counts and phenotypes throughout the mission duration.
  • Quantified total plasma Ig and FLC levels, including specific isotypes like IgA, IgG, IgM, and kappa/lambda FLCs.

Main Results:

  • No significant changes were observed in B cell numbers or proportions across different subsets.
  • Plasma levels of IgG, IgM, and kappa FLCs remained stable during and after spaceflight.
  • A marginal decrease in lambda FLCs was noted upon return, while plasma IgA concentrations were elevated in-flight compared to baseline and recovery.

Conclusions:

  • B cell homeostasis is maintained during long-duration spaceflight.
  • Elevated IgA levels suggest a potential role in immune response during space missions.
  • Findings support the viability of in-flight vaccination strategies to counter potential viral reactivation in astronauts.