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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Canine IBD Gut-on-a-Chip Model for 3D Intestinal Morphogenesis Studies
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Inflammatory changes during canine pregnancy.

Bodil S Holst1, Malin H Gustavsson2, Anders Johannisson3

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7054, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.

Theriogenology
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Canine pregnancy involves significant inflammatory and hormonal shifts. Pregnant dogs show increased C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, neutrophils, monocytes, and immune cell activation, indicating a pro-inflammatory state.

Keywords:
Acute phaseDogImmune responseInflammationPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Immunology
  • Reproductive Physiology

Background:

  • Pregnancy is a physiological state requiring immune system adaptation.
  • Understanding these adaptations in canines is crucial for maternal health monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate inflammatory and hormonal changes during canine pregnancy.
  • To analyze key biomarkers including acute-phase proteins, hormones, and leukocyte profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum/plasma for fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), progesterone, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I).
  • Hematological analysis including total leukocyte counts.
  • Evaluation of leukocyte cell surface antigen expression (CD 11a, CD 18, CD 49d).
  • Comparison between 12 pregnant and 8 non-pregnant control bitches.

Main Results:

  • Pregnant bitches showed significant increases in fibrinogen and CRP from day 21.
  • Neutrophil and monocyte counts increased significantly in pregnant dogs.
  • Pregnancy induced activation of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes, evidenced by increased CD 18 and CD 49d expression.
  • Hemoglobin decreased in both pregnant and non-pregnant dogs.

Conclusions:

  • Canine pregnancy is characterized by specific inflammatory markers like elevated CRP and fibrinogen.
  • Increased leukocyte counts and immune cell activation are key features of pregnancy in bitches.
  • These findings are important for interpreting clinical parameters in pregnant dogs.