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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection
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Merkel Cell Carcinoma Review.

Yun Xue1, Manisha Thakuria2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|December 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare neuroendocrine skin cancer, is often misdiagnosed. Advances in diagnostic tools and rapid progress in staging, treatment, and surveillance are improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
GuidelinesImmunotherapyMerkel cell carcinomaMerkel cell polyomavirusNeuroendocrine tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer.
  • Diagnosis can be challenging due to its resemblance to other small blue cell tumors.
  • Recent advancements have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on current guidelines for Merkel cell carcinoma diagnosis and management.
  • To review recent advancements in staging, treatment, and surveillance.
  • To highlight future directions in Merkel cell carcinoma research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical guidelines.
  • Analysis of diagnostic advancements, including electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (cytokeratin 20).
  • Discussion of progress in cancer staging, treatment modalities, and surveillance strategies.

Main Results:

  • Immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 20 has greatly improved diagnostic accuracy.
  • Significant progress has been made in staging, treatment, and surveillance over the past decade.
  • Current guidelines reflect these advancements in clinical practice.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma is crucial and aided by specific markers.
  • Rapid advancements in management offer improved prognoses for patients.
  • Ongoing research promises further breakthroughs in combating this rare malignancy.