Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

22.4K
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
22.4K
General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

35.8K
Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
35.8K
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

37.6K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
37.6K
Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

30.5K
There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
30.5K
Standard Solutions01:14

Standard Solutions

2.5K
Standard solutions refer to solutions with a precisely known concentration or composition. A primary standard is a highly pure, high molar mass, stable substance that is entirely soluble in water, the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. The primary standard solution can be used to standardize secondary standards, which are substances with known concentrations but are less pure and stable. Standard solutions are essential for achieving accurate and reliable results in analytical...
2.5K
Blank Solutions00:56

Blank Solutions

1.2K
A blank solution is a solution that does not contain the analyte, or the substance of interest being tested or measured. It is typically prepared using the same reagents and procedure as the sample solution but without adding the analyte. The primary purpose of preparing a blank solution is to account for any background interference or contamination that may affect the accuracy and reliability of the analytical method.
In some experimental cases, the reagents, solvents, or lab equipment used in...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nitroimidazole - albendazole combination therapy, quinacrine use, and risk factors in nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a prospective multicentre observational study.

BMC infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Diagnostic Methods for Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Narrative Review.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Proactive access strategies for novel cryptosporidiosis therapeutics.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026
Same author

First molecular identification of the zoonotic parasite Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Albania.

Veterinaria italiana·2026
Same author

Evaluation of rectal swab compared with bulk stool sampling for detection of Cryptosporidium infection by light-emitting diode auramine-phenol microscopy in young children with diarrhoea.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2025
Same author

Host range expansion of asexual parasite can be explained by loss of adaptions in Muller's Ratchet.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor
05:54

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor

Published on: December 13, 2017

14.8K

Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions.

Marco Lalle1, Kurt Hanevik2,3

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, marco.lalle@iss.it.

Infection and Drug Resistance
|December 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Giardiasis, a common diarrheal illness, is increasingly resistant to standard treatments like metronidazole. This review addresses treatment-resistant giardiasis, exploring resistance mechanisms and management strategies.

Keywords:
Giardia duodenalisantigiardial therapydrug resistancegiardiasistreatment failure

More Related Videos

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration
07:59

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration

Published on: April 4, 2022

1.8K
An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings
04:32

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

Published on: February 15, 2019

6.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor
05:54

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor

Published on: December 13, 2017

14.8K
Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration
07:59

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration

Published on: April 4, 2022

1.8K
An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings
04:32

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

Published on: February 15, 2019

6.2K

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Giardia is a leading cause of parasitic diarrheal disease globally, particularly affecting children in low-hygiene settings and travelers.
  • Giardiasis presents with variable severity and can lead to chronic illness or post-infectious complications.
  • A rise in giardiasis cases resistant to nitroimidazoles (e.g., metronidazole) is observed, especially in travelers returning from endemic regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current clinical knowledge on Giardia infections.
  • To focus on the growing challenge of treatment-refractory giardiasis.
  • To propose a definition for drug-resistant giardiasis and discuss management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical knowledge on Giardia.
  • Analysis of treatment resistance patterns and mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of evidence-based clinical management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Giardiasis is a significant global health issue with increasing treatment failures.
  • Drug resistance in Giardia poses a clinical challenge, necessitating new therapeutic approaches.
  • Research is exploring novel drugs and non-pharmacological alternatives for resistant cases.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment-refractory giardiasis is a critical concern requiring a defined approach.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms is key to developing effective treatments.
  • Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and improve patient outcomes for giardiasis.