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Related Concept Videos

Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism01:08

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Regular Claisen condensation involves the synthesis of β-ketoesters by combining identical ester molecules bearing two α hydrogens in the presence of an alkoxide base. The reaction commences with the deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen by the base to form a resonance stabilized ester enolate. This nucleophilic ion then attacks the carbonyl center of another ester molecule to generate a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate. Next, the expulsion of the alkoxide group from the...
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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation01:33

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Aldol condensation is an acid or base-catalyzed condensation between aldehydes or ketones to give an α,ꞵ-unsaturated carbonyl compound. A base-promoted condensation between ester molecules to produce a ꞵ-ketoester is known as the Claisen condensation. In the presence of a base, both reactions involve deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen to produce the corresponding enolates. The nucleophilic enolates attack their respective nonenolized carbonyl compound forming a tetrahedral...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'
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Liquid Nuclear Condensates Mechanically Sense and Restructure the Genome.

Yongdae Shin1, Yi-Che Chang2, Daniel S W Lee3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.

Cell
|December 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biomolecular liquid phase separation in the nucleus mechanically excludes chromatin, favoring softer, euchromatic regions. Targeted DNA can be pulled together by condensate coalescence, acting as mechano-active filters.

Keywords:
chromatincondensatesgene regulationmechanobiologynuclear mechanicsnuclear organizationoptogeneticsphase immiscibilityphase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Biophysics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Intracellular organization relies on biomolecular liquid phase transitions.
  • Liquid-liquid phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) drives the formation of nuclear bodies.
  • The mechanical influence of these condensates on chromatin structure is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how physical forces from liquid condensates restructure chromatin.
  • To explore the role of mechanical properties in condensate formation and chromatin organization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CasDrop, a CRISPR-Cas9-based optogenetic technology.
  • Observed phase separation of various IDPs into liquid condensates.
  • Developed a minimal physical model to explain condensate behavior.

Main Results:

  • IDP condensates mechanically exclude chromatin as they grow.
  • Condensates preferentially form in low-density, euchromatic regions due to stiffness sensitivity.
  • Surface tension-driven coalescence can mechanically pull targeted genomic loci together.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear condensates act as mechano-active chromatin filters.
  • These condensates physically manipulate chromatin by excluding non-targeted regions and concentrating targeted loci.
  • Phase separation influences nuclear organization through mechanical forces on chromatin.