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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels.  Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of High c-axis ZnO Thin Film by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition System and its UV Photodetector Application
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Note: Plasma optical emission spectroscopy for water vapor quantification and detection during vacuum drying process.

M M Tahiyat1, T W Knight1, T Farouk1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208-4104, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|December 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new method uses plasma optical emission spectroscopy to measure water vapor in gas streams. This technique, utilizing H-alpha emission, accurately quantifies water concentration during processes like nuclear fuel drying.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Plasma Physics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Accurate quantification of water vapor is crucial in various industrial processes.
  • Traditional methods for water vapor measurement can be complex or limited in scope.
  • Developing sensitive and direct measurement techniques is an ongoing challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel methodology for quantifying water vapor concentration in gaseous streams.
  • To investigate the use of plasma optical emission spectroscopy (POES) for this purpose.
  • To apply the developed method to a real-world industrial process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a direct current (dc) plasma source and an optical emission spectrometer.
  • Measured the emission intensity of H-alpha at 656.2 nm from a low-pressure plasma cell.
  • Correlated H-alpha emission intensity with varying water vapor concentrations under different operating parameters.

Main Results:

  • The H-alpha emission at 656.2 nm demonstrated high sensitivity to water vapor concentration.
  • Consistent linear relationships were observed between emission signals and water concentration across various operating conditions.
  • The method was successfully applied to quantify water vapor during the vacuum drying of a mock nuclear fuel assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma optical emission spectroscopy offers a viable and sensitive method for quantifying water vapor.
  • The H-alpha emission line provides a reliable spectral signature for water vapor detection.
  • This technique has practical applications in monitoring and controlling industrial drying processes.