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Polymers02:34

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Spiral Ganglion Neuron Explant Culture and Electrophysiology on Multi Electrode Arrays
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High-Density, Long-Lasting, and Multi-region Electrophysiological Recordings Using Polymer Electrode Arrays.

Jason E Chung1, Hannah R Joo1, Jiang Lan Fan2

  • 1Medical Scientist Training Program and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

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Summary

Researchers developed a new brain recording system for freely behaving rats, enabling long-term, multi-site neural activity monitoring. This advanced platform offers unprecedented insight into distributed brain circuits and their dynamic functions.

Keywords:
freely behavingheadstagemassively parallelmodularmulti-electrode recordingpolymerproberatsingle neuronspike sorting

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Electrophysiology
  • Brain-Computer Interfaces

Background:

  • The brain operates as a complex neuronal network with activity across diverse timescales.
  • Existing neural recording technologies lack the combined spatial coverage, temporal resolution, and long-term stability needed to capture this distributed activity.
  • Understanding large-scale neural dynamics requires advanced monitoring tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel large-scale, multi-site extracellular recording platform for monitoring neural activity in freely behaving rats.
  • To overcome the limitations of current technologies in capturing distributed brain circuit dynamics.
  • To provide a tool for long-term electrophysiological interrogation of brain function.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a large-scale recording platform with modular stacking headstages.
  • Integration of polymer electrodes for up to 1,024 recording channels.
  • Implementation in freely behaving rats for months-long recordings.

Main Results:

  • The platform supports months-long recordings from hundreds of well-isolated single units across multiple brain regions.
  • Recordings demonstrate stability, allowing tracking of numerous single units for over a week.
  • Successful large-scale, multi-site electrophysiological data acquisition was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The developed platform provides a new capability for studying the fast dynamics and long-timescale evolution of anatomically distributed brain circuits.
  • This technology enables unprecedented electrophysiological interrogation of neural activity in freely behaving animals.
  • The system serves as a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of brain function and activity.