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Classifying Matter by State02:49

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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GVHD: biology matters.

James L M Ferrara1, Mohammed S Chaudhry1

  • 1The Tisch Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY.

Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program
|December 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) impacts gastrointestinal crypts crucial for mucosal renewal. New insights into intestinal stem cells, microbiome, and immune interactions are guiding GVHD prevention and treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Immunology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) targets gastrointestinal (GI) crypts essential for intestinal mucosa self-renewal.
  • Intestinal stem cells play a critical role in the pathophysiology of GVHD.
  • Interactions between the microbiome and the immune system (innate and adaptive) are central to GVHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of intestinal stem cells and their interactions in GVHD.
  • To investigate the significance of serum biomarkers in predicting long-term GVHD outcomes.
  • To elucidate new mechanisms of crypt biology relevant to GVHD.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and culture of intestinal stem cells.
  • Analysis of microbiome-immune system interactions in GVHD.
  • Identification and validation of serum biomarkers for GVHD outcome prediction.

Main Results:

  • Advances in intestinal stem cell research have enhanced understanding of GVHD pathophysiology.
  • Serum biomarkers originating from the GI tract predict long-term GVHD outcomes.
  • These biomarkers highlight cellular shields and targets within the GI tract.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding crypt biology and stem cell interactions is key to GVHD management.
  • Serum biomarkers offer valuable insights for clinical trial design.
  • New strategies for GVHD prevention and treatment are emerging based on these findings.