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$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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$Interference and Diffraction$ 02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.

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X-ray Imaging

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Equation of Motion: General Plane motion

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

$Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies$

Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies

Published on: April 11, 2021

Diffracted X-ray Blinking Tracks Single Protein Motions.

Hiroshi Sekiguchi¹, Masahiro Kuramochi², Keigo Ikezaki²

¹Research & Utilization Div., Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 567-5198, Japan. sekiguchi@spring8.or.jp.

Scientific Reports

|December 4, 2018

Summary

We developed a new X-ray method to observe molecular internal motion over long timescales. This diffracted X-ray blinking (DXB) approach tracks nanocrystal-labeled proteins, revealing their dynamic fluctuations.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

$Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies$

Crystallization of Proteins on Chip by Microdialysis for In Situ X-ray Diffraction Studies

Published on: April 11, 2021

$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

$Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction$

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

Published on: May 20, 2018

Area of Science:

Structural Biology
Biophysics
X-ray Crystallography

Background:

Single molecule dynamics studies are advancing with new technologies like quantum probes and cryo-transmission electron microscopy.
X-ray free-electron lasers offer potential for single molecule structure determination of biological entities.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and demonstrate a novel X-ray single molecule technology for observing internal molecular motion over extended time scales (milliseconds to seconds).
To extract protein internal motions from time-resolved X-ray diffraction data.

Main Methods:

Utilizing low-dose monochromatic X-rays and nanocrystal labeling technology.
Observing the "blinking" of X-ray diffraction spots from moving nanocrystals due to Brownian motion.
Analyzing the time trajectory of diffracted X-ray blinking (DXB) to extract internal molecular motions.

Main Results:

Successfully observed X-ray diffraction spots cycling in and out of the Bragg condition due to nanocrystal motion.
Developed the DXB approach to extract internal protein motions from time-resolved diffraction data.
Distinguished fluctuation motion differences in individual acetylcholine-binding proteins (AChBP) interacting with acetylcholine (ACh) using a laboratory X-ray source.

Conclusions:

The developed DXB method enables long-timescale observation of single molecule internal dynamics.
This technology provides insights into protein conformational changes and interactions at the single-molecule level.
Demonstrated the potential of DXB for studying dynamic processes in biological molecules.