Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Glial Cells01:04

Glial Cells

93.7K
Overview
93.7K
Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

50.3K
On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
50.3K
Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

6.9K
Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial...
6.9K
Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

2.7K
 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
2.7K
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

2.1K
Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
2.1K
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

1.7K
Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fus-depleted oligodendrocytes reduce neuronal damage and Alzheimer's disease progression in the AppNL-G-F mouse.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Spatial transcriptomics on an expanded dataset at the brain-electrode interface: exploration of variability and identification of novel biomarkers.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026
Same author

Effect of Insertion Parameters on Insertion Force and Tissue Damage During Rigid Neural Probe Implantation.

IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering·2026
Same author

Identification of low threshold off-target activation pathways during stimulation of carotid baroreceptor afferents in swine.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

Prevalence of sympathetic fibers within the rat cervical vagus, and functional consequence on physiological effects mediated by vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

The sixth bioelectronic medicine summit: Neurotechnologies for individuals and communities.

Bioelectronic medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation
10:52

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

Published on: October 2, 2015

20.6K

Glial responses to implanted electrodes in the brain.

Joseph W Salatino1,2, Kip A Ludwig3, Takashi D Y Kozai4,5,6,7

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

Nature Biomedical Engineering
|December 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Glial cells, not just neurons, actively influence neural implant outcomes. Understanding glia

More Related Videos

Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays
08:54

Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays

Published on: October 4, 2019

11.4K
Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats
09:39

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Published on: July 14, 2020

8.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation
10:52

Microelectrode Guided Implantation of Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus of Rats for Long-term Deep Brain Stimulation

Published on: October 2, 2015

20.6K
Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays
08:54

Chronic Implantation of Multiple Flexible Polymer Electrode Arrays

Published on: October 4, 2019

11.4K
Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats
09:39

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Published on: July 14, 2020

8.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Neural implants for electrical stimulation and recording are increasingly used in clinical settings.
  • Mechanisms of therapeutic effects, side effects, and failure of neuroprosthetic and neuromodulation devices are not fully understood.
  • A prevailing assumption is that neurons are the sole targets of neural interface technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reframe the role of glial cells from passive to active participants in neural device outcomes.
  • To discuss the implications of glial cell activity on the development of bioelectronic medical devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence on glial cell function in neural networks.
  • Analysis of the role of glial cells as effectors in stimulation-based therapies.
  • Discussion of implications for neural interface technology development.

Main Results:

  • Glial cells actively remodel neuronal networks, influencing device efficacy.
  • Glial cells are effectors of stimulation-based therapies, not merely passive bystanders.
  • Evidence suggests glial cells are critical determinants of neural implant success.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional view of glia as a passive barrier is outdated.
  • Glial cells are active determinants of neural implant outcomes.
  • Considering glial cell roles is crucial for advancing bioelectronic medical device development.