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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solution-Deposited Solid-State Electrochromic Windows.

Wei Cheng1, Marta Moreno-Gonzalez1, Ke Hu2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.

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Researchers developed a simple solution method for electrochromic (EC) windows using amorphous tungsten oxide and nickel oxide films. This approach offers superior performance compared to traditional vacuum deposition methods for EC devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Commercially available electrochromic (EC) windows rely on solid-state devices with WO3 and NiOx films.
  • Traditional physical deposition methods for these films are time- and capital-intensive, especially for rigid substrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a facile solution deposition method for producing amorphous WO3 and NiOx films for solid-state EC devices.
  • To demonstrate that solution-processed layers can match or exceed the performance of physically deposited layers.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a solution deposition method for amorphous WO3 and NiOx layers.
  • Fabricated and tested solid-state EC devices incorporating these solution-processed films.
  • Investigated the structural properties (amorphous vs. crystalline) of NiOx and their impact on device performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved effective amorphous WO3 and NiOx layers via a solution-based photodeposition method.
  • Demonstrated EC device performance meeting or exceeding benchmarks set by devices with physically deposited layers.
  • Attributed superior EC performance to the amorphous nature of solution-processed NiOx, enhancing its function as an ion storage counter electrode.

Conclusions:

  • A facile solution deposition method offers a viable alternative to traditional vacuum deposition for EC window fabrication.
  • The amorphous nature of solution-processed NiOx is key to achieving high-performance electrochromic devices.
  • This versatile method provides a novel approach for constructing advanced EC windows.