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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments
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Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

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Quantifying the force between mercury and mica across an ionic liquid using white light interferometry.

S J Miklavcic1, C Fung1

  • 1Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|December 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers measured forces between mercury and mica across an ionic liquid, revealing long-range repulsive forces. A new method for calculating these surface forces proved superior in experiments.

Keywords:
C4mimNTf2Electrical double layer forcesFECOFluid drop deformationSurface force apparatus

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Physical chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • White light interferometry quantifies thin film thickness changes between fluid drops and solids.
  • Film thickness data can reveal interactions between bodies, enabling force quantification.
  • Characterizing surface forces in complex fluids like ionic liquids is crucial for understanding drop-solid interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify forces between surfaces using interferometric film thickness profiles.
  • To analyze drop-solid interactions in ionic liquids.
  • To independently characterize novel surface forces.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments involved a mercury drop and mica across a room temperature ionic liquid film.
  • White light interferometry captured interferometric fringes.
  • A novel formula was developed and applied to analyze the data and calculate total force.

Main Results:

  • This study reports the first force measurements between mercury and mica across an ionic liquid.
  • A long-range, exponentially decaying repulsive force was observed under varying electric potentials.
  • Surface instability and jump-to-contact were noted at small separations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed force calculation method is superior to existing approaches.
  • The findings provide new insights into surface forces in ionic liquid systems.
  • This work establishes a method for characterizing surface forces in complex fluid-solid interactions.