Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026
06:24
A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement
Published on: May 11, 2020
9.4K
Applied Force during Piston Prosthesis Placement in a 3D-Printed Model: Freehand vs Robot-Assisted Techniques
Christopher R Razavi1, Paul R Wilkening2, Rui Yin2
11 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Summary
A novel 3D-printed middle ear model quantified forces during stapes prosthesis procedures. The Robotic ENT Microsurgery System (REMS) significantly reduced applied force during crimping compared to the freehand technique.
Area of Science:
- Otolaryngology
- Medical Robotics
- Biomedical Engineering
Background:
- Stapes prosthesis surgery requires precise force application to the incus.
- Current techniques may apply excessive force, potentially damaging the incus.
- A need exists for objective methods to measure and compare forces during stapes surgery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce a 3D-printed middle ear model for quantifying forces on the incus.
- To compare forces during stapes prosthesis placement and crimping between the Robotic ENT Microsurgery System (REMS) and the freehand technique.
Main Methods:
- A 3D-printed middle ear model with a force sensor on the incus was developed.
- Participants performed stapes prosthesis placement and crimping using both freehand and REMS-assisted techniques.
- Maximum forces applied to the incus were recorded and analyzed.
Main Results:
- No significant difference in force was observed during prosthesis placement (126.4 mN freehand vs. 105.0 mN REMS, P = .404).
- REMS significantly reduced the maximum force during prosthesis crimping compared to the freehand technique (272.7 mN vs. 469.3 mN, P = .049).
Conclusions:
- REMS-assisted stapes prosthesis surgery is feasible.
- The robotic system offers a significant advantage by reducing applied force during the critical crimping step.
Related Concept Videos
03:13Intermolecular Forces
71.0K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
71.0K
02:36Electromotive Force
30.2K
Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
30.2K
03:00Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces
97.0K
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
97.0K
02:28Intermolecular Forces in Solutions
39.5K
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
39.5K
01:06Force
31.9K
Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face, we are applying force. Our body's atoms are held together by electrical forces, and the core of an atom, called the nucleus, is held together by the strongest force known to us—nuclear force.
The study of motion is called kinematics, but kinematics only...
The study of motion is called kinematics, but kinematics only...
31.9K
01:30Two Force Member
1.8K
The equilibrium of a two-force body is a particular case that is often encountered in practical applications. A two-force body is a rigid body that is subjected to only two external forces. For such a body to be in equilibrium, the two forces must have the same magnitude, the same line of action, and the opposite direction.
1.8K