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Related Concept Videos

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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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REVASCULARIZATION OF THE ISCHEMIC UPPER LIMB.

K M Rai1, K K Maudar2, V Ravishankar3

  • 1Reader in Surgery & Vascular Surgeon, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|December 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upper limb ischemia, affecting 18 patients, was successfully treated with bypass surgery, thrombolysis, or angioplasty. All patients achieved limb salvage and symptom relief, demonstrating effective revascularization strategies.

Keywords:
Carotid – subclavian bypassDirect arterial surgeryIntra-arterial thrombolysisPercutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)Upper limb ischemia

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Interventional Cardiology

Background:

  • Upper limb ischemia presents a significant clinical challenge.
  • Both acute and chronic forms require timely and effective intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the outcomes of various revascularization techniques for upper limb ischemia.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of direct arterial surgery in this patient cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 18 patients undergoing surgical or endovascular treatment for upper limb ischemia over 24 months.
  • Procedures included direct arterial bypass, intra-arterial thrombolysis, and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).

Main Results:

  • Limb perfusion was restored in 100% of patients.
  • No mortality was observed, and the limb salvage rate was 100%.
  • Follow-up up to 24 months showed patent bypasses and no symptom recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Upper limb ischemia is treatable with diverse revascularization methods.
  • Direct arterial surgery for upper limb revascularization is safe and highly effective, offering symptom relief.