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Confounding risk factors and preventative measures driving nephrolithiasis global makeup
Samuel Shin1, Aneil Srivastava1, Nazira A Alli1
1Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, United States.
World Journal of Nephrology
|December 5, 2018
Summary
Kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis) is rising globally. This review identifies lifestyle, genetics, diet, and environment as key risk factors and discusses prevention strategies for kidney stones.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Public Health
- Environmental Science
Background:
- Nephrolithiasis incidence is rapidly increasing worldwide.
- Understanding global risk factors is critical for public health initiatives.
- Kidney stones pose a significant and growing health burden.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify and analyze key risk factors for global kidney stone formation.
- To examine lifestyle, genetics, diet, and environmental influences.
- To discuss preventative measures for nephrolithiasis.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of scientific publications (PubMed).
- Analysis of Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization data.
- Development of a projected global nephrolithiasis risk map using climate and dietary data.
Main Results:
- A significant association exists between lifestyle, obesity, and calcium stones.
- Global risk factors for kidney stones are multifactorial.
- Data integration revealed projected high-risk areas for nephrolithiasis.
Conclusions:
- Lifestyle and obesity are strongly linked to increased kidney stone risk.
- A comprehensive approach considering diet, environment, genetics, and lifestyle is needed.
- Further research is required to refine global nephrolithiasis risk models.
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