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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
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Gray matter hypertrophy in primary insomnia: a surface-based morphometric study.

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  • 1Department of Acupuncture & Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shierqiao Road, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China.

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Summary

Patients with primary insomnia exhibit cortical thickening and increased volume in specific brain regions. These morphological changes, particularly in the right orbital frontal cortex, correlate with insomnia severity, suggesting a link to the condition's neuropathology.

Keywords:
HypertrophyPrimary insomniaStructural MRISurface-based morphometry

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Brain Morphology

Background:

  • Primary insomnia (PI) is associated with brain structural abnormalities, but previous studies often used limited volumetric measures and small sample sizes.
  • Investigating cortical morphology offers a more detailed understanding of brain changes in PI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cortical thickness and volume changes in patients with primary insomnia using advanced surface-based morphometry.
  • To explore the association between cortical morphology and clinical characteristics in PI.

Main Methods:

  • Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired from 67 PI patients and 55 healthy controls.
  • Advanced surface-based morphometry (Freesurfer 6.0) was used to analyze cortical thickness and volume.
  • General linear models identified group differences and correlations with clinical data.

Main Results:

  • PI patients showed significant cortical thickening in areas including the left orbital frontal cortex (OFC), right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), and bilateral insula.
  • Increased cortical volume was observed in the left OFC, right rACC, and right fusiform area (FFA) in PI patients.
  • Cortical thickness in the right OFC and FFA positively correlated with insomnia severity, indicating a right-lateralized relationship.

Conclusions:

  • This study reveals hypertrophic cortical morphology in a relatively large sample of PI patients, suggesting it may underlie the neuropathology of primary insomnia.
  • The findings highlight the potential of advanced morphometric analysis in understanding the neurobiological basis of insomnia.