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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
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Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management01:28

Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, leading to the backward flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. This condition can arise from various causes, including rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, or degenerative valve disease. Effective nursing management is crucial to optimizing patient outcomes and involves comprehensive assessment and targeted interventions.Comprehensive Patient AssessmentA detailed...
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Average Value of a Function01:17

Average Value of a Function

59
The average value of a function over a closed interval can be interpreted geometrically as the height of a rectangle whose area equals the net area under the curve across that interval. This net area accounts for both positive and negative contributions of the function, providing a single representative value that reflects the function’s overall behaviorA practical illustration of this idea arises when monitoring the temperature inside a greenhouse over a twenty-four-hour period. Although...
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Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

483
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
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Average Acceleration01:30

Average Acceleration

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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
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An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat

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Insights into functional mitral regurgitation using the average pixel intensity method.

Victor Kamoen1, Milad El Haddad2, Tine De Backer2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Ghent University Hospital, Cornelis Heymanslaan 10, 10-K12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. victor.kamoen@ugent.be.

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
|December 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The average pixel intensity (API) method effectively grades functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) with high applicability. This fast, feasible parameter correlates with FMR severity and complements current assessments.

Keywords:
Average pixel intensity methodContinuous Wave DopplerEchocardiographyMitral regurgitation

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Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Echocardiography

Background:

  • Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) assessment is complex.
  • Existing methods like vena contracta width (VCW) and proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) have limitations in applicability.
  • The average pixel intensity (API) method was previously validated for general mitral regurgitation (MR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility and added value of the API method specifically for grading functional mitral regurgitation (FMR).
  • To compare the applicability and correlation of the API method with guideline-recommended parameters in FMR patients.

Main Methods:

  • 283 patients with pure FMR underwent transthoracic echocardiography.
  • Mitral regurgitation (MR) was assessed using the API method, color Doppler, VCW, and PISA-based methods.
  • API dynamics during MR were analyzed and correlated with FMR severity and clinical parameters.

Main Results:

  • The API method demonstrated 98% applicability in FMR patients, significantly higher than VCW (84%) and PISA (75%).
  • API showed significant correlations with FMR severity, ejection fraction, chamber dimensions, pulmonary pressures, and NYHA class.
  • An optimal API cut-off of 125 au was identified for severe FMR, consistent with degenerative MR (DMR) cut-offs.

Conclusions:

  • The API method is a feasible, fast, and easy-to-use parameter for grading FMR.
  • API can complement multiparametric assessments in clinical practice for FMR.
  • The consistent severity cut-off across FMR and DMR suggests a robust grading capability of the API method.