Research for novel antivirals: where are we going? Antiviral drugs have become a critical component of anti-infective treatments, as illustrated by the development of antiretrovirals and antiviral drugs directed against hepatitis B and C viruses. Several other molecules are used in clinical practice against herpesviruses, adenoviruses, poxviruses, papillomaviruses and influenza viruses. Current antivirals often target viral enzymes involved in the replication of viral genomes. They also target the early stages of binding and intracellular penetration of viral particles and the late steps leading to their assembly, maturation and release. Most nucleoside analogs such as acyclovir and nucleotide analogs such as cidofovir, require phosphorylation prior to inhibit the activity of DNA or RNA polymerases through mechanisms of competition and optionally termination. Foscarnet, a pyrophosphate analog, makes this inhibition directly without any modification. Antiretrovirals also include protease, integrase and entry inhibitors while the neuraminidase inhibitors have proven to be effective against influenza viruses. Research for novel drugs aims at increasing the number and specificity of antivirals to overcome the current limitations of antiviral chemotherapy which include the inability to eradicate latent viral infections, emergence of resistance, adverse effects related to cell toxicity and cost. It is essential that economic imperatives do not block or distort the expected progresses in this particularly innovative field of contemporary medicine.