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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Near Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Mouse Models of Pleural Dissemination
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Systemic Dissemination of Injected Foreign Material.

Kelly Olds1, John Gilbert2, Neil E I Langlois2,3

  • 1School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Henry St, Perth, 6160.

Journal of Forensic Sciences
|December 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A fatal overdose in an intravenous drug user was caused by mixed drug toxicity. Autopsy revealed foreign material emboli throughout the body, facilitated by a small heart defect.

Keywords:
autopsydrugforeign bodyforensic pathologyforensic scienceinjectedparadoxical embolizationsystemic dissemination

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Pathology
  • Toxicology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Intravenous drug use (IDU) is associated with significant health risks, including overdose and systemic complications.
  • Medicolegal death investigations involving IDU require thorough examination for injection site evidence and potential embolic phenomena.

Observation:

  • A 32-year-old female, with a history of IDU complications, died after intravenous injection of crushed pharmaceutical tablets.
  • Autopsy revealed a right femoral vein injection site with polarizable foreign material, leading to granulomatous reactions in the lungs.

Findings:

  • A probe-patent foramen ovale allowed paradoxical embolization of foreign material into the systemic circulation.
  • The emboli were found lodged in multiple organs, including the liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, myocardium, and portal lymph nodes.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the critical need to screen for even small intracardiac shunts in intravenous drug users presenting for medicolegal assessment.
  • Systemic dissemination of foreign material via paradoxical embolism is a significant risk in this population, impacting multiple organ systems.