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Methods for Rearing the Parasitoid Ganaspis brasiliensis, a Promising Biological Control Agent for the Invasive Drosophila suzukii
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Interactions between Two Biological Control Agents on Lygodium microphyllum.

Ian Jones1, Ellen C Lake2

  • 1Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada. i.jones@utoronto.ca.

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Summary

The invasive fern Lygodium microphyllum is targeted by two biocontrol agents. The moth Neomusotima conspurcatalis prefers laying eggs on fern galls caused by the mite Floracarus perrepae, but larvae survival decreases on galled foliage.

Keywords:
EriophyidaeLepidopteraarthropod-plant interactionsinsect-mite interactionsoviposition behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biological Control
  • Invasive Species Management

Background:

  • Lygodium microphyllum is a significant invasive fern in Florida.
  • Two biological control agents, Floracarus perrepae (mite) and Neomusotima conspurcatalis (moth), are used against L. microphyllum.
  • Interactions between these agents in the field are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of Floracarus perrepae presence on Neomusotima conspurcatalis oviposition behavior.
  • To assess the effects of F. perrepae galls on N. conspurcatalis larval survival and development.
  • To determine if N. conspurcatalis larvae consume F. perrepae galls.

Main Methods:

  • Oviposition choice tests were conducted to observe N. conspurcatalis egg-laying preferences.
  • Feeding trials were performed using N. conspurcatalis larvae on galled and ungalled L. microphyllum.
  • Larval survival, development rates, and gall consumption by larvae were quantified.

Main Results:

  • N. conspurcatalis laid significantly more eggs on L. microphyllum foliage galled by F. perrepae.
  • Larval mortality was higher (60%) for N. conspurcatalis reared on galled foliage compared to ungalled (36%).
  • N. conspurcatalis larvae consumed or damaged 13.52% of F. perrepae galls, with increased feeding over time.

Conclusions:

  • Co-occurrence of N. conspurcatalis and F. perrepae may lead to more frequent competitive interactions than anticipated.
  • These antagonistic interactions are not expected to impede the establishment of either biological control agent.
  • Understanding agent interactions is crucial for effective invasive species management.