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Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 10, 2016

Towards Biohydrogen Separation Using Poly(Ionic Liquid)/Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes.

Andreia S L Gouveia^1,2, Lucas Ventaja³, Liliana C Tomé⁴

¹Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. andreiaslgouveia@tecnico.ulisboa.pt.

|December 6, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Poly(ionic liquid)−ionic liquid composite membranes show high potential for purifying biohydrogen (bioH₂). These membranes exhibit excellent carbon dioxide/hydrogen (CO₂/H₂) separation performance, exceeding established benchmarks for fuel cell applications.

Keywords:

CO2/H2 separation PIL–IL composite membranes biohydrogen purification gas permeation properties

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Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Energy Science

Background:

Hydrogen (H₂) is a crucial clean energy carrier, necessitating efficient purification methods like biohydrogen (bioH₂).
Membrane technology offers an energy-saving approach for high-purity biohydrogen production, essential for fuel cells.
Previous research focused on poly(ionic liquid)−ionic liquid (PIL−IL) membranes for CO₂/N₂ separation.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of PIL−IL composite membranes for carbon dioxide/hydrogen (CO₂/H₂) separation.
To evaluate the CO₂/H₂ separation performance of specific PIL−IL membranes under biohydrogen production conditions.

Main Methods:

Synthesized and characterized PIL−IL composite membranes containing pyrrolidinium-based PILs.
Measured CO₂ and H₂ permeation properties at 308 K and 100 kPa feed pressure.
Investigated the effect of different anions ([C(CN)₃]⁻ vs. [NTf₂]⁻) and IL concentrations on separation performance.

Main Results:

PIL−IL composites demonstrated CO₂/H₂ separation performance exceeding the upper bound for this application.
Composites with the [C(CN)₃]⁻ anion exhibited higher CO₂/H₂ selectivity compared to those with the [NTf₂]⁻ anion.
The membrane incorporating 60 wt% of [C₂mim][C(CN)₃] IL showed particularly promising results.

Conclusions:

PIL−IL composite membranes are highly effective for CO₂/H₂ separation in biohydrogen purification.
The choice of anion and IL concentration significantly impacts membrane selectivity and performance.
These advanced membranes hold promise for cost-effective and energy-efficient biohydrogen purification for fuel cells.