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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
Published on: April 11, 2025
Looks can be deceiving: Gaze pattern differences between novices and experts during placement of central lines
Hong-En Chen1, Cheyenne C Sonntag2, David F Pepley3
1Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Penn State, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
Background:
The objective of this study was to determine whether gaze patterns could differentiate expertise during simulated ultrasound-guided Internal Jugular Central Venous Catheterization (US-IJCVC) and if expert gazes were different between simulators of varying functional and structural fidelity.
Methods:
A 2017 study compared eye gaze patterns of expert surgeons (n = 11), senior residents (n = 4), and novices (n = 7) during CVC needle insertions using the dynamic haptic robotic trainer (DHRT), a system which simulates US-IJCVC. Expert gaze patterns were also compared between a manikin and the DHRT.
Results:
Expert gaze patterns were consistent between the manikin and DHRT environments (p = 0.401). On the DHRT system, CVC experience significantly impacted the percent of time participants spent gazing at the ultrasound screen (p < 0.0005) and the needle and ultrasound probe (p < 0.0005).
Conclusion:
Gaze patterns differentiate expertise during ultrasound-guided IJCVC placement and the fidelity of the simulator does not impact gaze patterns.
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