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Related Concept Videos

Papillary Dermis01:11

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The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Regional Node Distribution in Papillary Thyroid Cancer with Microscopic Metastasis.

Luis-Mauricio Hurtado-López1, Alejandro Ordoñez-Rueda1, Felipe-Rafael Zaldivar-Ramírez1

  • 1Thyroid Clinic, General Surgery Service, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico.

Journal of Thyroid Research
|December 6, 2018
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Summary

For papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) with microscopic lymph node metastasis, selective lymphadenectomy at levels III, IV, and VI is recommended. This approach is optimal for patients without preoperative evidence of lymph node disease but with intraoperative findings of metastasis.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) management requires defining optimal neck lymphadenectomy strategies for microscopic lymph node metastasis.
  • Current guidelines need refinement to assist surgeons in decision-making for these cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal extent of neck lymphadenectomy in papillary thyroid cancer patients with microscopic lymph node metastasis.
  • To compare outcomes between patients with macroscopic versus microscopic lymph node metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy and lymphadenectomy (levels IIa-VI).
  • Patients categorized into Group 1 (macroscopic metastasis pre-surgery) and Group 2 (microscopic metastasis detected intraoperatively).
  • Statistical analysis included odds ratios for various clinicopathological factors.

Main Results:

  • Tumor size differed significantly between groups (3.8 cm vs. 1.98 cm, P<0.001).
  • Lymphatic permeation strongly correlated with increased lymph node metastasis (OR=5.6, P<0.001).
  • Metastatic frequency varied by lymph node level, with significant differences observed in levels IIa, III, and VI.

Conclusions:

  • Selective lymphadenectomy at levels III, IV, and VI is optimal for PTC patients with intraoperative microscopic lymph node metastasis.
  • This strategy is particularly relevant for patients without preoperative lymph node disease evidence.