Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Unfolded Protein Response

The Unfolded Protein Response

The ER is the hub of protein synthesis in a cell. It has robust systems to quality control protein folding and also for degradation of terminally misfolded proteins. Under normal conditions, a small proportion of misfolded proteins that cannot be salvaged need to be transported to the cytoplasm by the ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathways. However, if the ERAD cannot handle the misfolded proteins, the cell activates the unfolded protein response or UPR to adjust the protein folding...

Predicting Molecular Geometry

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...

Prediction Intervals

Prediction Intervals

The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.

Humoral Immune Responses

Humoral Immune Responses

Microbial Morphologies

Microbial Morphologies

Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Predicting Patient-Reported Outcome Measures, Satisfaction, Healthcare Utilization, Mortality, and Return to Work After Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Machine Learning: A 14,900-Patient Study.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2026

Same author

Insulin autoimmune hypoglycemia unmasking monoclonal gammopathy in type 2 diabetes.

JCEM case reports·2026

Same author

Maternal trans-vaccenic acid shapes neonatal T cell development and early-life immune imprinting.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Telemedicine-Based Diabetes Management for Incarcerated Individuals.

JAMA network open·2026

Same author

Adipocyte-specific FFA2 deletion leads to increased adipose inflammation and is associated with altered intestinal lipid handling in mice.

Physiological reports·2026

Same author

Hyperglycemia During Acute Pancreatitis and Progression to Early-Onset Diabetes After Recovery: Preliminary Findings From the Diabetes Related to Acute Pancreatitis and Its Mechanisms (DREAM) Study.

Diabetes care·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

Gut microbial features can predict host phenotype response to protein deficiency.

Guadalupe Navarro¹, Anukriti Sharma^2,3, Lara R Dugas⁴

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.

Physiological Reports

|December 6, 2018

Summary

Gut microbiota may explain why some individuals maintain nitrogen balance during low protein intake. This study links specific gut bacteria to growth differences in mice on protein-deficient diets, suggesting a role in malnutrition resilience.

Keywords:

Gut microbiota malnutrition nitrogen balance protein deficiency

More Related Videos

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: February 22, 2017

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions

Published on: June 6, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

Examination of Host Phenotypes in Gambusia affinis Following Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: February 22, 2017

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Nutritional Science
Animal Physiology

Background:

Malnutrition is a significant global health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Low protein intake (<0.67 g/kg/day) typically leads to negative nitrogen (N2) balance due to amino acid unavailability and unbalanced protein catabolism.
Individual variations in maintaining N2 balance on low protein diets suggest unknown contributing factors, potentially including gut microbiota.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of gut microbiota in nitrogen balance and growth differences in mice subjected to protein deficiency.
To correlate gut microbial profiles with the physiological responses of four different murine strains fed a protein-deficient (PD) diet.

Main Methods:

Four murine strains (C57Bl6/J, CD-1, FVB, NIH-Swiss) were fed either a protein-deficient (PD) diet or a normal chow (NC) diet.
Growth and nitrogen (N2) balance were assessed by analyzing urinary urea, ammonia, and creatinine excretion.
Gut microbial profiles were analyzed using diversity metrics and composition analysis (ANCOM) to identify differential microbial signatures and pathways.

Main Results:

A PD diet impacted growth and N2 balance in a strain-dependent manner.
Bacterial alpha diversity was significantly reduced in all strains on the PD diet compared to NC.
Specific bacterial genera were differentially enriched in each strain on the PD diet (e.g., Allobaculum in C57Bl6/J, Parabacteroides in CD-1).
CD-1 mice, which maintained growth on the PD diet, showed enrichment in pathways like dihydroorodate dehydrogenase compared to C57Bl6/J mice.

Conclusions:

Gut microbial composition varies significantly between murine strains, independent of diet.
Specific gut microbial signatures are associated with differential responses to protein deficiency, including growth and nitrogen balance.
The gut microbiota represents a potential key factor influencing an individual's resilience to malnutrition.