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Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Rational Expressions

Rational Expressions

Rational expressions are algebraic fractions in which both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. These expressions follow the arithmetic rules of numerical fractions but require extra care due to the presence of variables. A fundamental part of working with rational expressions is identifying values that make the expression undefined, typically those that result in division by zero or undefined radicals.Determining the DomainThe domain of a rational expression includes all real...

Rationalizing Substitutions

Rationalizing Substitutions

Integrals involving non-rational functions are often difficult to evaluate using standard techniques, especially when radicals appear in the integrand. Rationalizing substitution provides a systematic method for simplifying such integrals by converting them into rational forms that are easier to handle.Consider a rod whose linear mass density depends on a constant linear density, a characteristic length, and the distance from the left end of the rod. Determining the total mass requires...

Asymptotes in Rational Functions

Asymptotes in Rational Functions

A rational function is defined as the quotient of two polynomials: where Q(x)≠0, These functions often exhibit asymptotes, which are the lines that the graph approaches but never touches. These asymptotes are classified based on how the function behaves near specific values of the input.Vertical asymptotes occur where the denominator is zero, and the numerator is not, causing the function to be undefined. These are found by solving Q(x)=0. For example: has a vertical...

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Related Experiment Video

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Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials

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Published on: June 25, 2018

Rational Design of an Amphiphilic Coordination Cage-Based Emulsifier.

Subhadeep Saha¹, Björn Holzapfel¹, Yen-Ting Chen²

¹Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|December 6, 2018

Summary

Researchers created novel cage-based gemini amphiphiles (CGAs) that self-assemble into vesicles. These structures can form chains and stabilize oil-in-oil emulsions, expanding applications for porous coordination cages.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

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Published on: July 2, 2019

Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Porous coordination cages enable controlled guest inclusion, drug delivery, separation, and catalysis.
Limited research exists on using 3D cage shape and external functionalization for self-assembled materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop novel self-assembled materials from functionalized coordination cages.
To investigate the self-assembly behavior and properties of cage-based gemini amphiphiles.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of acridone-based (L^A) and phenanthrene-derived (L^B) ligands.
Self-assembly of ligands into heteroleptic coordination cages cis-[Pd2(L^A)2(L^B)2]4+ (CGA-1).
Characterization using cryo-TEM and Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy (LC-TEM).

Main Results:

Cationic cages (CGA-1) with anisotropic side chains self-assemble into vesicles (>100 nm diameter) in polar solvents.
LC-TEM showed vesicles forming chains and necklaces through long-range interactions.
The cages demonstrated an ability to stabilize oil-in-oil emulsions.

Conclusions:

Cage-based gemini amphiphiles (CGAs) can form self-assembled vesicular structures.
These CGAs exhibit unique aggregation behaviors and emulsion stabilization capabilities.
The findings expand the utility of coordination cages in materials science and nanotechnology.