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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

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Assessment of the Mouth01:26

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
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The two sources for collecting information are primary and secondary. After gathering information, interpretation and validation help to complete the data. The purpose of assessment is to establish data with the initial information, to interpret data about the patient's perceived needs and health problems, and to respond to these problems identified.
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Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management
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Assessment of vision in concussion.

Omar Akhand1, Laura J Balcer1,2,3, Steven L Galetta1,3

  • 1Department of Neurology.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|December 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Vision-based assessments, including rapid automatized naming (RAN) tasks and video-oculography (VOG), show promise for detecting concussion. These tools offer objective data to identify head injuries and improve athlete safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Concussion, a mild traumatic brain injury, frequently impacts visual pathways.
  • The visual system's widespread networks are susceptible to neurophysiologic changes post-concussion, leading to visual and ocular motor deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging vision-based assessments for concussion evaluation.
  • To highlight the utility of vision-based testing in improving concussion detection and assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of rapid automatized naming (RAN) tasks (e.g., King-Devick, M-U-L-E-S).
  • Analysis of video-oculography (VOG) for eye-tracking and gaze-tracking in head trauma studies.
  • Examination of objective data from VOG, including saccadic latencies, saccadic dysmetria, predictive tracking errors, and vergence changes.

Main Results:

  • RAN tasks demonstrate capacity to identify athletes with concussion.
  • VOG studies reveal objective markers like increased saccadic latencies and vergence changes in concussed individuals.
  • Vision-based testing is increasingly utilized for head injury assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid automatized naming tasks show potential as rapid concussion screening tools.
  • Measures of saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and disparity vergence are candidate vision-based concussion markers.
  • Ongoing work aims to adapt these vision-based assessments for sideline and clinical use.