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Iodine deficiency during pregnancy

Émilie Haab1,2, Pierre-François Ceccaldi1,2, Dominique Luton1,2

  • 1Service de gynécologieobstétrique, hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France.

La Revue Du Praticien
|December 6, 2018
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Iodine deficiency during pregnancy poses risks to fetal neurological development. WHO recommends iodine supplementation (150-250 μg/day) in moderate deficiency areas like France to prevent cognitive impairment.

Keywords:
pregnancyIodine deficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Nutritional Science
  • Maternal and Fetal Health

Context:

  • Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, essential for fetal neurological development.
  • Iodine deficiency is a significant, preventable cause of mental delay in developed nations.
  • France exhibits moderate iodine deficiency based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the importance of adequate iodine intake during pregnancy.
  • To discuss the challenges in implementing effective iodine supplementation policies.
  • To recommend WHO-guided prophylactic iodine intake levels for pregnant women.

Summary:

  • Pregnancy significantly increases iodine requirements for optimal fetal neurodevelopment.
  • 24-hour urinary iodine excretion is a population-level marker, not suitable for individual assessment.
  • Dietary habits complicate universal salt iodization policies; targeted prophylaxis is advised.

Impact:

  • Systematic iodine prophylaxis (150-250 μg/day) is recommended in moderate deficiency zones.
  • The benefit-risk ratio favors supplementation, with minimal risks below 500 μg/day.
  • Ensuring adequate iodine intake can prevent avoidable cognitive deficits in offspring.