Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

Published on: September 22, 2014

Behavioral Changes to Repeated Takeovers in Highly Automated Driving: Effects of the Takeover-Request Design and the

Fabienne Roche¹, Anna Somieski², Stefan Brandenburg¹

¹Technische Universität Berlin, Germany.

|December 6, 2018

Abstract

Objective:

We investigated drivers' behavior and subjective experience when repeatedly taking over their vehicles' control depending on the design of the takeover request (TOR) and the modality of the nondriving-related task (NDRT).

Background:

Previous research has shown that taking over vehicle control after highly automated driving provides several problems for drivers. There is evidence that the TOR design and the NDRT modality may influence takeover behavior and that driver behavior changes with more experience.

Method:

Forty participants were requested to resume control of their simulated vehicle six times. The TOR design (auditory or visual-auditory) and the NDRT modality (auditory or visual) were varied. Drivers' takeover behavior, gaze patterns, and subjective workload were recorded and analyzed.

Results:

Results suggest that drivers change their behavior to the repeated experience of takeover situations. An auditory TOR leads to safer takeover behavior than a visual-auditory TOR. And with an auditory TOR, the takeover behavior improves with experience. Engaging in the visually demanding NDRT leads to fewer gazes on the road than the auditory NDRT. Participants' fixation duration on the road decreased over the three takeovers with the visually demanding NDRT.

Conclusions:

The results imply that (a) drivers change their behavior to repeated takeovers, (b) auditory TOR designs might be preferable over visual-auditory TOR designs, and (c) auditory demanding NDRTs allow drivers to focus more on the driving scene.

Application:

The results of the present study can be used to design TORs and determine allowed NDRTs in highly automated driving.

Keywords:

auditory displays driver behavior eye tracking human-automation interaction interface evaluation vehicle automation visual displays

More Related Videos

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Published on: March 27, 2019

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Impact of Aging on Hippocampal-Dependent Spatial Learning

Published on: February 16, 2024

Related Concept Videos

Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs

Behavioral Genetics and Its Designs

Behavior genetics explores how genetic inheritance influences human behavior. It focuses on how genes, passed from parents to offspring, contribute to the development of behavioral traits and tendencies. This branch of genetics seeks to understand the complex interplay between inherited genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping our behaviors.
The primary methodologies used in behavior genetics include family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies, each providing unique...

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Body:Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...

Group Design

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...

Sensory Modalities

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...

Factorial Design

Factorial Design

Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...

Energy to Drive Translocation

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Driver-initiated take-overs during critical evasion maneuvers in automated driving.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2023

Driver-initiated take-overs during critical braking maneuvers in automated driving - The role of time headway, traction usage, and trust in automation.

Accident; analysis and prevention·2022

Validation of the cycling anger scale in Singapore.

Traffic injury prevention·2020

German bike messengers' experiences and expressions of cycling anger.

Traffic injury prevention·2019

Driving anger expression in Germany-Validation of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory for German drivers.

Traffic injury prevention·2019

German taxi drivers' experiences and expressions of driving anger: Are the driving anger scale and the driving anger expression inventory valid measures?

Traffic injury prevention·2017

See all related articles