Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
Published on: January 25, 2019
Impact of Recently Developed Universal Adhesives on Tensile Bond Strength to Computer-aided Design/Manufacturing
Objectives:
The aim of this investigation was to test the tensile bond strength (TBS) between different computer-aided-design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramics after conditioning using different universal adhesive systems and resin composite cement.
Methods And Materials:
Substrates of four CAD/CAM ceramics-1) VITABLOCS Mark II, 2) Initial LRF, 3) Celtra Duo, and 4) IPS e.max CAD (N=648, n=162)-were fabricated. VITABLOCS Mark II and Initial LRF were etched using 9% hydrofluoric acid for 60 seconds, Celtra Duo for 30 seconds, and IPS e.max CAD for 20 seconds. Substrates for conditioning using Monobond Etch & Prime were untreated. The following adhesive systems were used: All-Bond Universal (ABU), Clearfil Universal Bond (CUB), G-Multi Primer (GMP), iBond Universal (IBU), Monobond Etch & Prime (MEP), Monobond Plus (MBP), One Coat 7 Universal (OCU), Prime&Bond Active (PBA), and Scotchbond Universal (SBU). Conditioned substrates were bonded using a resin composite cement (Variolink Esthetic DC), thermal cycled (20,000×, 5°C/55°C), and TBS was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis with partial eta-squared, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman-Rho tests (α=0.05).
Results:
ABU, MEP, and MBP obtained the significantly highest TBS, while CUB, IBU, and OCO resulted in the lowest, regardless of the CAD/CAM ceramic. SBU showed varying TBS results depending on the CAD/CAM ceramic used. ABU, MEP, and MBP showed no impact of CAD/CAM ceramic on TBS values. ABU, GMP, MEP, and MBP showed predominantly cohesive failure types in luting composite, while CUB and OCU demonstrated adhesive failure types.
More Related Videos
08:29Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components – Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)
Published on: January 7, 2019
08:40Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives
Published on: May 17, 2020
Related Concept Videos
Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete
The dimensions and shape of a concrete specimen...
Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete
Bonding and Strength of Aggregate
Impact Strength of Concrete
Ionic Bonds
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths