Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial
Published on: August 19, 2025
Transdermal versus oral estrogen: clinical outcomes in patients undergoing frozen-thawed single blastocyst transfer
Semra Kahraman1, Caroline Pirkevi Çetinkaya2, Yucel Sahin2
1Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Genetics Centre, Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Piyale Pasa Bulvari, 34385, Okmeydani, Istanbul, Turkey. semkahraman@gmail.com.
Purpose:
To conduct a non-inferiority study to compare the clinical outcomes of transdermal estrogen patch and oral estrogen in patients undergoing frozen-thawed single blastocyst transfer non-donor cycles without GnRHagonist (GnRHa) suppression.
Methods:
A total of 317 women with irregular menses or anovulatory cycle undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) non-donor cycles without GnRHa suppression were involved in a prospective randomized clinical trial between May 2017 and October 2017. The trial was conducted in an ART and Reproductive Genetics Centre within a private hospital. The unit is designated as a teaching center by the Turkish Ministry of Health. Oral or transdermal estrogen was administered in patients undergoing frozen-thawed single blastocyst transfer. The outcomes of the study were the following: endometrial thickness on the day of progesterone administration, implantation rate, and clinical and viable ongoing pregnancy rates.
Results:
Endometrial thickness and clinical outcomes of oral and transdermal estrogen administration were equally successful (p > 0.05).
Conclusion:
No significant difference was found in endometrial thickness on the day of progesterone administration nor in clinical outcomes between transdermal estrogen and oral estrogen in patients undergoing frozen-thawed single blastocyst stage transfer cycles without GnRHa suppression.
Related Concept Videos
Clinical Trials
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
Clinical Trials: Overview
Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials
Nursing Clinical Information System
A Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS) is a specialized type of healthcare information system tailored to meet the unique needs of nursing practice. It incorporates the principles of nursing informatics to streamline information management and improve the quality of care delivery.
Critical attributes of NCIS include:
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...

