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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting as an Ischaemic Upper Limb

G Fitzgerald1, M B O’Connor1, M J Phelan1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland

Irish Medical Journal
|December 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Giant cell arteritis can cause upper limb ischemia. Prompt diagnosis via temporal artery biopsy and treatment with steroids effectively resolved symptoms in this case.

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Medicine
  • Rheumatology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis primarily affecting large and medium-sized arteries.
  • Cranial symptoms are most common, but GCA can present with diverse, sometimes atypical, manifestations.
  • Ischaemic complications in the upper limbs are rare but significant presentations of GCA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of GCA presenting with upper limb ischaemia.
  • To highlight the importance of considering arteritis in the differential diagnosis of limb ischaemia.
  • To emphasize the treatable nature of GCA-induced ischaemia.

Main Methods:

  • A case study approach was used, collecting data from patient records.
  • Radiological and laboratory findings were reviewed.

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  • A temporal artery biopsy was performed for diagnostic confirmation.

    • Main Results:

    • The patient presented with symptoms of upper limb ischaemia.
    • Temporal artery biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis.
    • High-dose corticosteroid therapy led to complete resolution of ischaemic symptoms.

    Conclusions:

    • Giant cell arteritis should be considered in the evaluation of patients with unexplained upper limb ischaemia.
    • Early diagnosis and treatment of GCA can prevent irreversible ischaemic damage.
    • Arteritis represents a reversible cause of limb ischaemia when managed appropriately.