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Histones predate the split between bacteria and archaea.

Vikram Alva, Andrei N Lupas

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    |December 7, 2018
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Histone homologs were discovered in bacteria and archaea, predating eukaryotes. These findings trace the origin of histones to the last universal common ancestor, expanding our understanding of early life evolution.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Genomics

    Background:

    • Histones are core components of nucleosomes, organizing eukaryotic DNA into chromatin.
    • Initially considered a eukaryotic innovation, archaeal histone homologs suggested an earlier origin.
    • Nucleosomes consist of histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the evolutionary origins of histones beyond eukaryotes.
    • To identify and classify novel histone homologs in archaea and bacteria.
    • To determine if histones predated the divergence of archaea and eukaryotes.

    Main Methods:

    • Bioinformatic analysis of genomic sequences.
    • Detection and classification of novel histone homologs.
    • Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary history.

    Main Results:

    • Two new groups of histone homologs identified in both archaea and bacteria.
    • One group features single-chain pseudodimers, the other resembles eukaryotic core histones with DNA-binding motifs.
    • These homologs originate from diverse, ancient lineages, ruling out horizontal gene transfer.

    Conclusions:

    • The origin of histones extends to the last universal common ancestor.
    • Histones are ancient proteins fundamental to DNA organization across prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    • This discovery reshapes our understanding of early chromatin evolution.