MMP14 empowers tumor-initiating breast cancer cells under hypoxic nutrient-depleted conditions

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) existing in breast cancer are thought to be involved in initiation, progression, and relapse of tumors. In these processes, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proteases are crucial factors that also dependent on the tumor milieu, including hypoxic nutrient-deprived, as well as normoxic nutrient-rich, environments. Therefore, we investigated EMT and proteases in TICs and their response to different environments by means of a newly generated immortalized TIC (iTIC) line. With the use of primary CD24⁺CD90⁺CD45^- TICs from the mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T mouse breast cancer model, iTICs were generated by single cell-initiated sphere and subsequent 2-dimensional monolayer culture. Our data demonstrate the possibility to generate iTICs that are highly tumorigenic in culture and in mouse mammary fat pad. Contrasting environmental conditions provide these cells with a phenotypic and molecular plasticity that has a growth-promoting character in nutrient-rich normoxia and a motile character in nutrient-deprived hypoxia. Expression profiling revealed partial and dynamically changing EMT states, as well as a significantly up-regulated proteolytic signature, including many metalloproteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinase 14 ( Mmp14). Inhibitor treatment of metalloproteinases, as well as short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of Mmp14 strongly impacted TIC characteristics, including tumor initiation, cell growth, migration, and invasion, especially in starved environments. We conclude that metalloproteinases empower TICs to adapt to changing environments.-Hillebrand, L. E., Wickberg, S. M., Gomez-Auli, A., Follo, M., Maurer, J., Busch, H., Boerries, M., Reinheckel, T. MMP14 empowers tumor-initiating breast cancer cells under hypoxic nutrient-depleted conditions.