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Related Concept Videos

Tension01:10

Tension

13.9K
Tension is a force along the length of a medium, in particular, a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or cable. The word "tension" comes from Latin, meaning "to stretch". Not coincidentally, the flexible cords that carry muscle forces to other parts of the body are called tendons. Any flexible connector, such as a string, rope, chain, wire, or cable, can exert pull only parallel to its length; so, a force carried by a flexible connector is a tension with a...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

1.6K
Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Tension Response at Adherens Junctions01:26

Tension Response at Adherens Junctions

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The adherens junctions that anchor cells together are multi-protein complexes that dynamically adapt to mechanical stimuli such as tensile forces and shear stress. Mechanosensory proteins in these junctions can sense such mechanical stimuli and undergo a shift in their conformation, resulting in an altered function — a process called mechanotransduction.
α-Catenin as a Mechanosensory Protein
The α-catenin of adherens junctions is an allosteric protein with three VH (vinculin...
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

Surface Tension and Surface Energy

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
Consider a beaker filled with liquid. The bulk molecules in the liquid experience equal attractive forces on all sides with the surrounding molecules. However, the surface molecules experience a net attractive force downward due to the bulk molecules. The surface of the liquid behaves like a stretched membrane,...
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

72.9K
Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

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Migraine and Tension-Type Headache.

Azmin Kahriman1, Shuhan Zhu1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.

Seminars in Neurology
|December 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This review covers migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatments. It highlights acute and prophylactic pharmacotherapies, including new monoclonal antibodies for migraine, alongside non-pharmacologic options.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) are prevalent primary headache disorders with substantial morbidity and socioeconomic impact.
  • Understanding their epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of migraine and TTH.
  • To discuss current and emerging treatment strategies, including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological data, diagnostic criteria, and treatment guidelines for migraine and TTH.
  • Synthesis of information on acute and prophylactic therapies, including novel agents and non-pharmacologic approaches.

Main Results:

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  • First-line acute treatment for migraine includes analgesics, triptans, and antiemetics; TTH is primarily managed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Prophylactic options for migraine encompass beta-blockers, tricyclics, antiepileptics, and botulinum toxin, with tricyclics showing evidence for TTH prophylaxis.
  • Monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide pathway represent a novel, migraine-specific treatment class.

    • Conclusions:

    • Effective management of migraine and TTH involves tailored acute and prophylactic pharmacotherapies.
    • Emerging treatments like CGRP monoclonal antibodies offer new avenues for migraine management.
    • Non-pharmacologic interventions and neuromodulation are important adjuncts in headache care.