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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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Skeletal muscles are composed of a bundle of muscle fibers and are attached to bones through tendons. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single muscle cell. The sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell, consists of a lipid bilayer and glycocalyx that supports muscle fibers. The sarcolemma extends into the muscle cells to form tubular structures called transverse or T-tubules. Each side of the T-tubules consists of a membrane-bound structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum,...
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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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The naming of the approximately 700 muscles in the human body is based on a set of criteria designed to provide descriptive information about each muscle, making it easier to identify and remember them.
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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Ethanol acutely antagonizes the refeeding-induced increase in mTOR-dependent protein synthesis and decrease in

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Acute ethanol intake inhibits muscle protein synthesis and autophagy by disrupting mTOR signaling pathways. This study reveals ethanol

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Area of Science:

  • Muscle physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation are tightly regulated by nutrient availability and signaling pathways.
  • Ethanol consumption can impact metabolic processes, but its acute effects on muscle signaling during refeeding are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of acute ethanol administration on key signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle.
  • To determine how ethanol affects protein synthesis and degradation responses to refeeding.

Main Methods:

  • Adult male C57Bl/6 mice were fasted, refed, and administered ethanol (3 g/kg) or saline.
  • Gastrocnemius/plantaris muscles were collected 1 hour post-administration for analysis of protein signaling.
  • Key signaling proteins involved in mTOR, autophagy, and proteasome pathways were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Acute ethanol decreased basal muscle protein synthesis and blocked refeeding-induced increases.
  • Ethanol prevented refeeding-stimulated S6K1 phosphorylation but not 4E-BP1 phosphorylation.
  • Ethanol attenuated refeeding-induced changes in downstream targets of S6K1 and blunted the decrease in autophagy markers.
  • Proteasome activity and ubiquitinated proteins were not acutely altered by ethanol or refeeding.

Conclusions:

  • Ethanol acutely inhibits the mTOR-dependent increase in muscle protein synthesis following nutrient stimulation.
  • Ethanol disrupts the normal reduction in autophagy observed during refeeding.
  • Acute ethanol administration does not appear to affect proteasome activity in skeletal muscle.