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Entropy02:39

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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Perspective: Excess-entropy scaling.

Jeppe C Dyre1

  • 1Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Excess-entropy scaling reveals how entropy dictates liquid properties like viscosity and diffusion. This thermodynamic principle is supported by simulations and experiments, with hidden scale invariance offering a theoretical basis.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Excess-entropy scaling, discovered by Rosenfeld in 1977, links entropy to liquid properties.
  • Key properties influenced include viscosity, diffusion, and heat conductivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of excess-entropy scaling.
  • To review supporting evidence, counterexamples, and applications.
  • To summarize theories on the origin of excess-entropy scaling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of computer simulations and experimental validations.
  • Analysis of theoretical frameworks, including hidden scale invariance and isomorph theory.

Main Results:

  • Confirmation of the connection between dynamics and thermodynamics via excess entropy.
  • Identification of hidden scale invariance as a key property.
  • Explanation for the non-universal applicability of excess-entropy scaling.

Conclusions:

  • Excess-entropy scaling is a significant phenomenon in liquid behavior.
  • Hidden scale invariance provides a theoretical foundation for this scaling.
  • Further research is needed to explore the full implications of hidden scale invariance.