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What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome. Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

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NF-κB p65 dimerization and DNA-binding is important for inflammatory gene expression.

Tabea Riedlinger¹, Robert Liefke^1,2, Johanna Meier-Soelch³

¹Institute of Biochemistry, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.

FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology

|December 12, 2018

Summary

The NF-κB p65 subunit

Keywords:

chromatin inflammation transcription

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

Transcription factors regulate gene expression.
NF-κB p65 (RELA) is crucial for innate immunity.
p65 can have functions independent of DNA binding.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the roles of p65 DNA-binding and dimerization.
Determine their contribution to NF-κB functions.
Understand p65's role in inflammatory gene expression.

Main Methods:

Created p65 mutants lacking DNA-binding or dimerization.
Utilized p65-deficient human and murine cells.
Performed chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq).

Main Results:

DNA-binding is essential for p100 stabilization.
p65's antiapoptotic and gene-inducing functions require DNA-binding and dimerization.
Mutations reduced p65 chromatin association, but some residual binding occurred at AP-1 sites.

Conclusions:

Both DNA-binding and dimerization of NF-κB p65 are critical for inflammatory gene expression.
p65's chromatin association can be assisted by factors like AP-1.
This highlights a complex regulatory mechanism for NF-κB.