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Related Concept Videos

Respiration01:24

Respiration

4.4K
Overview of the Respiratory System and Energy Production
Energy production in the human body is primarily fueled by oxidation, a process where food molecules are burned by combining with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. This vital metabolic process sustains life, and is supported intricately by the respiratory system.
Structure and Function of the Respiratory System:
The respiratory system is a complex network of structures that includes the nose, oropharynx, larynx, trachea,...
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Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

1.8K
There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
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Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

2.0K
The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
2.0K
Factors Affecting Respiration01:24

Factors Affecting Respiration

9.3K
Respiration is a crucial physiological function involving exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between an organism and its environment. Various factors can impact this essential process:
9.3K
Assessment of Respiration01:23

Assessment of Respiration

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The respiratory system's basic structures and primary functions lay the foundation for nurses' comprehensive respiratory assessments. This assessment includes subjective and objective data to gauge the patient's respiratory health.
Subjective Assessment: Nurses interview the patient to gather information directly during the subjective assessment. It includes questions about the individual's medical history, medications, and symptoms, focusing on past respiratory conditions like...
2.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
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Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

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SBRT targets that move with respiration.

Sonja Dieterich1, Olga Green2, Jeremy Booth3

  • 1University of California Davis, United States.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Advanced image guidance and motion management techniques now enable precise real-time treatment of moving targets in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). This review covers state-of-the-art methods for accurate tumor localization and motion compensation.

Keywords:
Dynamic MLCImage-guided treatmentMRI linacRespiratory motion managementSBRT

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Image-Guided Therapy

Background:

  • Treating targets that move with respiration during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) presents significant challenges.
  • Technological advancements over the past two decades have revolutionized the ability to manage intra-fraction motion.
  • Accurate target localization and motion compensation are critical for effective and safe SBRT delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review modern image guidance techniques for real-time SBRT target localization.
  • To discuss state-of-the-art respiratory motion compensation strategies and margin determination.
  • To present clinical applications of real-time imaging for adaptive radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of image guidance technologies for real-time target localization.
  • Discussion of respiratory motion management techniques: compression, gating, breath-hold, and audiovisual feedback.
  • Analysis of real-time tracking approaches: hybrid imaging with robotic tracking (CyberKnife Synchrony) and electromagnetic surrogates with moving MLC.
  • Presentation of real-time MRI soft-tissue imaging for adaptive treatments.

Main Results:

  • Modern techniques allow for precise real-time tracking of targets moving with respiration.
  • Various methods, including external-internal imaging correlation and non-ionizing surrogates, enable accurate tumor localization.
  • Real-time MRI facilitates adaptive, iso-toxic treatment delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in treating moving targets in SBRT through advanced image guidance.
  • Real-time tracking and adaptive treatment strategies are enhancing the precision and efficacy of SBRT.
  • Future directions include further integration of real-time imaging for personalized radiation therapy.