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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

156.4K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
156.4K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.8K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.0K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.0K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.7K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.7K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

14.9K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
14.9K
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

24.8K
Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
24.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay
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Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Published on: June 16, 2021

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A Transcriptome-wide Translational Program Defined by LIN28B Expression Level.

Frederick E Tan1, Shashank Sathe1, Emily C Wheeler1

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Molecular Cell
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

LIN28 protein levels control gene expression magnitude by altering translation. Varying LIN28B in cells created distinct gene translation groups, shifting microRNA activity.

Keywords:
ArgonauteLIN28RNA-binding proteinsclassifierlet-7microRNApost-transcriptional regulationrate-limitingribosome occupancy

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PAR-CliP - A Method to Identify Transcriptome-wide the Binding Sites of RNA Binding Proteins
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iCLIP - Transcriptome-wide Mapping of Protein-RNA Interactions with Individual Nucleotide Resolution
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iCLIP - Transcriptome-wide Mapping of Protein-RNA Interactions with Individual Nucleotide Resolution

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

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PAR-CliP - A Method to Identify Transcriptome-wide the Binding Sites of RNA Binding Proteins
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iCLIP - Transcriptome-wide Mapping of Protein-RNA Interactions with Individual Nucleotide Resolution
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • LIN28 RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are crucial during development and disease.
  • The precise role of LIN28 expression levels in post-transcriptional gene regulation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how LIN28 expression levels dictate patterns of gene regulation.
  • To determine the impact of LIN28B protein concentration on cellular translation and microRNA activity.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic variation of LIN28B protein levels in human cells.
  • Analysis of transcriptome-wide ribosome occupancy.
  • Assessment of Argonaute protein association with microRNA families.

Main Results:

  • LIN28 expression level directly correlates with the magnitude of protein translation.
  • Dose-dependent changes in LIN28B induced two distinct translational subpopulations across nearly all expressed genes.
  • A shift in Argonaute association from let-7 to non-let-7 microRNAs globally altered cellular miRNA activity.

Conclusions:

  • LIN28 expression level is a critical determinant of translational control.
  • The dynamic range of LIN28 expression can encode complex regulatory information.
  • Understanding LIN28's role is key to deciphering post-transcriptional gene regulation in development and disease.