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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mice
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Advances in transdermal insulin delivery.

Yuqi Zhang1, Jicheng Yu2, Anna R Kahkoska3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Transdermal insulin delivery offers a needle-free alternative for diabetes management, overcoming challenges of subcutaneous injections. This review explores various transdermal methods to improve insulin absorption and patient adherence.

Keywords:
DiabetesDrug deliveryElectroporationInsulinIontophoresisJet injectionMicroneedleTransdermal deliveryUltrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Pharmacology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin therapy is crucial for managing blood glucose in type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes.
  • Current subcutaneous insulin delivery methods (injections, pumps) present challenges like pain, needle phobia, infection risk, and reduced patient adherence.
  • Transdermal insulin delivery is being explored as a patient-friendly alternative to improve glycemic control and adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze various transdermal insulin delivery techniques.
  • To discuss the advantages and limitations of each transdermal method.
  • To highlight advancements in overcoming the barrier of inefficient skin absorption for protein drugs like insulin.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on transdermal insulin delivery systems.
  • Categorization of methods based on enhancement strategies: chemical enhancers, electrical enhancement, mechanical force triggering, and microneedle-assisted approaches.
  • Analysis of system designs focused on preventing insulin degradation and enabling controlled release.

Main Results:

  • Passive transdermal insulin absorption is inefficient due to insulin's large molecular weight.
  • Various techniques show promise in enhancing insulin permeation through the skin.
  • Each method presents unique advantages and limitations regarding efficacy, safety, and patient experience.

Conclusions:

  • Transdermal insulin delivery systems hold significant potential for improving diabetes management.
  • Further research and development are needed to optimize these systems for widespread clinical adoption.
  • Successful transdermal delivery could enhance patient adherence and lead to better glycemic outcomes.