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Related Concept Videos

Insomnia01:27

Insomnia

476
Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
Multiple factors contribute...
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Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

638
The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

6.0K
Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.7K
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
24.3K
Dimensional Analysis03:40

Dimensional Analysis

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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...
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Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Shugan Jieyu Capsules for the Treatment of Insomnia
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Insomnia and mortality: A meta-analysis.

Nicole Lovato1, Leon Lack2

  • 1Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, A Flinders Centre of Research Excellence, Flinders University of South Australia, Australia.

Sleep Medicine Reviews
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frequent and ongoing insomnia does not increase mortality risk. This meta-analysis of over 36 million individuals found no significant association between insomnia symptoms and mortality, supporting non-pharmacological treatments.

Keywords:
DeathInsomniaMortalitySleep disturbance

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder affecting a significant portion of the population.
  • The relationship between chronic insomnia and mortality risk requires robust scientific evaluation.
  • Previous studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding insomnia's impact on longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis evaluating the evidence for a link between frequent, ongoing insomnia and mortality risk.
  • To synthesize data from multiple large-scale studies to provide a comprehensive assessment.
  • To inform clinical practice and patient reassurance regarding insomnia and longevity.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analytic strategy was employed to review seventeen studies.
  • Data from 36,938,981 individuals with a mean follow-up of 11.6 years were analyzed.
  • Statistical analyses included odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) with confidence intervals.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in mortality risk was found between individuals with and without insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.61-1.84, p = 0.84).
  • Multivariate models adjusting for confounders also showed no increased mortality rate associated with insomnia (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.96-1.19, p = 0.22).
  • A trend towards increased mortality risk was observed with hypnotic medication use.

Conclusions:

  • Frequent and ongoing insomnia is not associated with an increased risk of mortality.
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTi) is a recommended frontline treatment.
  • Patients can be reassured that insomnia itself does not negatively impact longevity.