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Arthropod venoms: Biochemistry, ecology and evolution.

R R Senji Laxme1, Vivek Suranse1, Kartik Sunagar1

  • 1Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Arthropods utilize diverse venom delivery systems for predation and defense, showcasing remarkable evolutionary adaptations. Their venoms offer a rich source for novel therapeutics and bio-insecticides, yet remain understudied.

Keywords:
ArthropodaBiochemistryEcologyEvolutionVenom

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Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Arthropoda, a phylum of over a million described species, exhibits remarkable diversity across terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic environments.
  • Venom evolution in arthropods has facilitated adaptation to various habitats, with diverse delivery mechanisms developed for predation and self-defense.
  • Arthropod venoms contain complex molecular scaffolds from multiple protein families, highlighting their biochemical intricacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence and evolutionary dynamics of venom in the phylum Arthropoda.
  • To highlight the diverse venom delivery apparatus and biocomplexity within arthropod lineages.
  • To underscore the potential of arthropod venoms as a bioresource for therapeutic and insecticidal applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on arthropod venoms.
  • Analysis of morphological diversity in venom delivery systems across arthropod taxa.
  • Examination of biochemical composition and molecular evolution of arthropod venoms.

Main Results:

  • Arthropods possess a wide array of venom delivery structures, including modified appendages, mouthparts, and stingers.
  • Arthropod venoms exhibit significant biocomplexity, with components derived from numerous protein families.
  • Numerous venom components show promise for developing life-saving drugs and eco-friendly bio-insecticides.

Conclusions:

  • Venom is a key evolutionary trait in Arthropoda, contributing to their ecological success.
  • Further research into the composition, bioactivity, and evolution of arthropod venoms is warranted.
  • Arthropod venoms represent a valuable, yet largely untapped, resource for biotechnological innovation.