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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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The Nucleosome02:33

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DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Probing The Structure And Dynamics Of Nucleosomes Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging
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Linking chromatin composition and structural dynamics at the nucleosome level.

Grigoriy A Armeev1, Anna K Gribkova1, Iunona Pospelova1

  • 1Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|December 12, 2018
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Summary

Nucleosomes, the basic units of DNA organization, are crucial for epigenetic regulation. Recent advances reveal how their composition and dynamics influence DNA processing, offering a unified framework for understanding chromatin function.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nucleosomes, composed of DNA and histone proteins, are fundamental to chromatin compaction in eukaryotes.
  • The cell nucleus coevolved with chromatin machinery to manage nucleosome dynamics and composition.
  • Histone modifications and protein interactions regulate nucleosome dynamics, impacting DNA processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries in nucleosome composition, dynamics, and function.
  • To organize new insights into a unified framework for chromatin regulation.
  • To highlight the interplay between nucleosomes and DNA processing pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent contributions to nucleosome research.
  • Synthesis of findings on histone modifications and chromatin protein recruitment.
  • Analysis of how nucleosome dynamics affect transcription, replication, and repair.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies reveal diverse modes of nucleosome dynamics and composition sensing.
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) and protein interactions significantly modulate nucleosome dynamics.
  • Nucleosome alterations provide epigenetic regulation for essential DNA processing pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding nucleosome composition, dynamics, and function is continuously evolving.
  • A unified framework is emerging to explain the complex roles of nucleosomes.
  • Recent advances deepen our knowledge of epigenetic regulation by nucleosomes.