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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior
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Gaze-cueing and endogenous attention operate in parallel.

Gillian Slessor1, Ailbhe Finnerty1, Jessika Papp1

  • 1University of Aberdeen, UK.

Acta Psychologica
|December 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study explored how attention shifts based on expectations and eye-gaze cues. Findings suggest these attention types can work together but are influenced by cue type and timing.

Keywords:
Endogenous attentionGaze-cueingTarget location probability

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Attention

Background:

  • Understanding attention shifts is crucial for cognitive science.
  • Distinguishing between endogenous (expectation-driven) and exogenous (stimulus-driven) attention is key.
  • The influence of different visual cues on attention dynamics requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate endogenous attention shifts driven by target location probability.
  • To examine involuntary attention shifts triggered by eye-gaze cues from schematic and real faces (neutral and fearful).
  • To explore the temporal interplay between these two attention mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using varying gaze-target stimulus onsets (SOAs) of 100, 200, and 300 ms.
  • Participants responded to targets presented in locations with varying probabilities.
  • Eye-gaze cues from schematic faces, neutral real faces, and fearful real faces were used.

Main Results:

  • Target location probability consistently affected response times across all SOAs.
  • The temporal dynamics of involuntary attention shifts varied with the type of gaze cue.
  • Neutral gaze cues showed a later emergence of involuntary attention shifts compared to schematic and fearful cues.
  • Fearful and schematic gaze cues demonstrated stronger cueing effects across all SOAs.
  • An additive effect was observed at 200 ms, with slowest responses to invalid neutral gaze cues in low-probability locations.

Conclusions:

  • Endogenous and involuntary attention can operate in parallel and relatively independently.
  • The influence of involuntary attention is modulated by the type of gaze cue and its temporal presentation.
  • Fearful and schematic gaze cues appear to capture attention more robustly than neutral gaze cues.
  • The interplay between expectation-based and cue-driven attention is complex and time-dependent.