Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Production and Visualization of Bacterial Spheroplasts and Protoplasts to Characterize Antimicrobial Peptide Localization
Published on: August 11, 2018
[Endogenic antimicrobial peptides and cytokines in calculous cholecystitis]
J N Gadzhiyev1, N J Gadzhiyev1, Sh Kh Gasymova1
1Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
Aim:
To analyze concentration of some antimicrobial peptides and cytotoxins in acute calculous cholecystitis regarding gallbladder inflammation grade.
Material And Methods:
There were 69 patients with catarrhal (29), phlegmonous (24) inflammation and gangrenous phlegmon (19). Some antimicrobial peptides (HNP-α, BPI, endotoxin, neutrophil elastase, lactoferritin, hepcidin) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, 8, 10) in blood serum as well as hepcidin, TNF-α and IL-6 in hepatic biopsy samples were assessed.
Results:
Significantly increased concentration of all antimicrobial peptides and cytokines was observed in all patients at admission compared with healthy persons. Changes depended on severity of gallbladder inflammation. There was a positive correlation of antimicrobial peptides and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8.
Conclusion:
The use of antimicrobial peptides as the most informative biomarker for early diagnosis of destructive acute cholecystitis reduces postoperative morbidity.
Related Concept Videos
Peptide Bonds
Antimicrobial Effectiveness
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution
Antimicrobial Proteins
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...

