Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Modified Boxplots

Modified Boxplots

A standard box and whisker plot informs us about the spread of the data in a given sample. One can identify the minimum value, maximum value, first quartile value, second quartile or median value, and third quartile.
However, the box plot does not tell the reader about outliers - values that lie far from the center of the data. We can modify the standard box and whisker plot to identify the outliers and visualize the actual spread of the data in a sample.
Initially, we calculate the adjusted...

Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers

Leukotriene modifiers, or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, are medications used to manage chronic asthma. These agents target specific inflammatory mediators produced during arachidonic acid metabolism, an essential process in generating inflammation in the body.
Leukotriene modifiers work through two distinct mechanisms:

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

One-Degree-of-Freedom System

One-Degree-of-Freedom System

In mechanical engineering, one-degree-of-freedom systems form the basis of a wide range of electrical and mechanical components. Using these models, engineers can predict the behavior of various parts in a larger system, which gives them insight into how different forces interact with each other.
A one-degree-of-freedom system is defined by an independent variable that determines its state and behavior. One example of a one-degree-of-freedom system is a simple harmonic oscillator, such as a...

Degrees of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom

The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. Thus, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily assigned.

Degrees of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom

The degree of freedom for a particular statistical calculation is the number of values that are free to vary. As a result, the minimum number of independent numbers can specify a particular statistic. The degrees of freedom differ greatly depending on known and uncalculated statistical components.
For example, suppose there are three unknown numbers whose mean is 10; although we can freely assign values to the first and second numbers, the value of the last number can not be arbitrarily...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Recombinant human IGF-1 alleviates dyslipidemia induced by lactational maternal dietary restriction.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026

Same author

Modelling cognitive outcomes in the UK Biobank: Education, noradrenaline and frontoparietal networks.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Impact of cancer immunotherapies on oocyte health and ovarian function.

Current topics in developmental biology·2026

Same author

Subplate neurons: potential targets for dysfunction after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

Experimental neurology·2026

Same author

PSD3 links autophagic flux to MHC-I-associated immune modulation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death·2026

Same author

Integrated learning-assisted design of metal-nitrogen-carbon single-atom catalysts: electronegativity regulates the coupling rules of interfacial valence electrons.

Chemical science·2026

Same journal

A scalable exemplar-based method for aligning biological taxonomies.

Biodiversity data journal·2026

Same journal

First record of <i>Onchidium reevesii</i> from Korean tidal flats (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Onchidiidae).

Biodiversity data journal·2026

Same journal

Camera trapping survey of vertebrates in Lipis Geopark, Pahang, Malaysia with notes on cave utilisation by mainland clouded leopard (<i>Neofelis nebulosa</i>).

Biodiversity data journal·2026

Same journal

A seasonal bird occurrence dataset from Karataş Lake (Burdur, Turkey) with associated NDVI and climate data, 2021 to 2022.

Biodiversity data journal·2026

Same journal

A new record of the southern erebid moth species, <i>Hypena nakajimai</i> Kishida, 2010 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae), from Korea with molecular analyses.

Biodiversity data journal·2026

Same journal

Population-level transcriptomic datasets from two benthic invertebrates exposed to long-term experimental warming and acidification.

Biodiversity data journal·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 1, 2026

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

Modifier Ontologies for frequency, certainty, degree, and coverage phenotype modifier.

Lorena Endara¹, Anne E Thessen², Heather A Cole³

¹University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America University of Florida Gainesville United States of America.

Biodiversity Data Journal

|December 12, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces two modifier ontologies for taxonomic descriptions, aiding computable data conversion and consistent term usage in scientific literature.

Keywords:

Modifier Ontology certainty modifiers coverage modifiers degree modifiers frequency modifiers literary warrant phenotype modifiers user consensus user warrant

More Related Videos

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats

Published on: February 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing EAS with Long Electrodes for Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation

Author Spotlight: Optimizing EAS with Long Electrodes for Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation

Published on: October 11, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 1, 2026

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats

A Modified Method for Intrathecal Catheterization in Rats

Published on: February 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing EAS with Long Electrodes for Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation

Author Spotlight: Optimizing EAS with Long Electrodes for Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation

Published on: October 11, 2024

Area of Science:

Bioinformatics
Ontology Engineering
Taxonomy

Background:

Phenotypic character descriptions in literature often include modifiers (e.g., frequency, certainty, degree, coverage) that require standardization for computable data.
Existing ontologies primarily address spatial and method modifiers, necessitating development for other modifier types.
Standardizing modifiers is crucial for converting narrative descriptions into computable data and guiding future scientific publications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop two novel modifier ontologies for taxonomic descriptions, focusing on frequency, certainty, degree, and coverage.
To establish sequential relationships between modifier terms to enable classification of annotated data.
To provide a consensus-based approach for modifier term usage in scientific literature.

Main Methods:

Two ontology designs were proposed: a closed ordered list (five-bin) and an open ordered list.
CharaParser was utilized to extract 130 candidate modifier terms from taxonomic descriptions.
Four expert curators reviewed and categorized terms using the Ontology Term Organizer (OTO), addressing inter-curator variations.

Main Results:

Two ontologies (closed and open list designs) were developed using the Protege ontology editor and made available as OWL files.
Expert categorization revealed high agreement, with 16 out of 20 bins showing full consensus, supporting a five-bin differentiation.
Annotation properties were used to manage semantic ambiguity and guide user caution with certain terms.

Conclusions:

The developed ontologies represent the first consensus-based approach for common taxonomic modifiers.
The five-bin ontology has been integrated into the Explorer of Taxon Concepts toolkit for character similarity computation.
These ontologies will enhance consistency in modifier term usage through an ontology-informed authoring tool for taxonomists.