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Computational model for the patella onset.

Kalenia Márquez-Flórez^1,2, Sandra Shefelbine³, Angélica Ramírez-Martínez⁴

¹Biomimetics Laboratory, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria, Colombia.

|December 12, 2018

Summary

Computational models suggest the patella develops from a combination of biochemical and mechanical factors during quadriceps tendon formation. These factors influence patella size and shape, particularly with increased knee flexion angles.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanical Engineering
Developmental Biology
Computational Modeling

Background:

The formation of the patella, a sesamoid bone within the quadriceps tendon, remains poorly understood.
Existing theories propose different mechanisms for patellar onset, involving mechanical loading and tissue differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

To computationally evaluate three distinct theories explaining the onset of patella formation.
To investigate the influence of biochemical and mechanical factors on patellar development.

Main Methods:

Simulated the biochemical environment of tendon development to test the first theory.
Analyzed mechanical conditions (high hydrostatic stress) for tendon-to-bone differentiation (second theory).
Evaluated tissue topological optimization as a driver for patellar development (third theory).

Main Results:

A patella-like structure embedded within the tendon was successfully simulated, especially at larger flexion angles.
All evaluated theories resulted in a patella-like structure embedded within the tendon.
The models revealed relationships between flexion angle and patella size/shape.

Conclusions:

Patella onset is likely a result of combined biochemical and mechanical factors during patellar tendon development.
Computational modeling provides insights into the complex processes underlying patellar formation.
Flexion angle significantly influences the simulated patella's size and shape.