Doppler examination in varicocele. A standard method of evaluation

Doppler sonography is considered a reliable method for detecting reflux due to venous valvular incompetence, which occurs in varicocele. It is, however, a matter of debate whether the characteristics of this reflux can be correlated quantitatively in a clinical setting. In this study, a two-step method was utilized to identify reflux in basal conditions with the patient standing and breathing spontaneously and to determine the time of centrifugal secondary venous reflux of the distal spermatic cord during the squeezing and relaxing maneuver. This method is closely related to that used by the vascular surgeon to detect valvular incontinence of the saphenous vein. Since Doppler sonography is much more reproducible than Valsalva's maneuver, it is therefore much more reliable. In a 12-month period, 625 patients with pathologic findings in at least two spermiograms were studied. Thirty percent showed constant basal reflux not influenced by respiratory exhilation. The squeezing and relaxing maneuver induced secondary reflux longer than 1.6 seconds in 17%, between 0.8 and 1.6 seconds in 17% and less than 0.8 seconds in 36% of the patients. The higher sensitivity and specificity of Doppler examination compared with thermography and angiography, as well as its low cost and noninvasiveness, make this the procedure of choice in the diagnosis of venous reflux in varicocele.