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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
Published on: July 29, 2014
[Pharmacology of non-opioid analgesics]
J Schneider1, R Kreutz1, J Bolbrinker2
1Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
Abstract:
Due to high prescription rates as well as the frequent use as over the counter drugs, it is of interest to consider non-opioid analgesics when evaluating the quality and appropriateness of a given overall medication. This article sums up the basic pharmacology and main adverse effects of these analgesics. Non-opioids can be further classified according to their additional mechanisms of action besides analgesia. High-dose acetylsalicylic acid, traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and coxibs exhibit antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Acetaminophen and metamizole (dipyrone) are analgesics and antipyretic agents, while metamizole exhibits also spasmolytic effects. Capsaicin and intrathecal ziconotide are pure analgesics.
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