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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Involving Individuals with Developmental Language Disorder and Their Parents/Carers in Research Priority Setting
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[Speech and Language Disorders in the Elderly].

Arno Olthoff1

  • 1Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie Göttingen, Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acquired speech and language disorders stem from cerebrovascular insults and neurodegenerative diseases, increasing significantly after age 65. Understanding these conditions is key for effective diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • Cerebrovascular insults and neurodegenerative diseases are primary causes of acquired speech and language disorders.
  • Prevalence of these conditions dramatically increases after age 65, with stroke affecting over 10% and neurodegenerative diseases 30% of individuals by age 90.
  • Common risk factors include obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify acquired language disorders, including aphasia, to optimize diagnostics and therapy.
  • To differentiate between progressive and regressive causes of speech and language disorders for prognostic accuracy.
  • To explore the relationship between specific neurological conditions and the manifestation of speech and articulation deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on cerebrovascular insults and neurodegenerative diseases impacting speech and language.
  • Classification of aphasia, including Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) and its variants.
  • Analysis of associated speech disorders like dysarthria and dysarthrophonia in relation to underlying pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Aphasia encompasses acquired language disorders, with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) stemming from neurodegenerative cortical lesions.
  • Broca's and Wernicke's aphasias are primarily linked to cerebrovascular insults.
  • Cortical lesions from vascular or neurodegenerative causes frequently lead to dysarthria and dysarthrophonia, often accompanied by dysphagia, particularly in extrapyramidal and basal ganglia diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate classification of acquired speech and language disorders is crucial for targeted diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.
  • The underlying etiology (progressive neurodegeneration vs. regressive vascular insult) significantly influences prognosis and treatment strategies.
  • Speech and articulation disorders, including dysarthria and dysarthrophonia, are common sequelae of both cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brain.